Networking+History

**History**


 * In September 1940, George Stibitz used a Teletype machine to send instructions for a problem set from his Model at Dartmouth College to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and received results back by the same means. Linking output systems like teletypewriters to computers was an interest at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) when, in 1962, J.C.R. Licklider was hired and developed a working group he called the "Intergalactic Network", a precursor to the ARPANET.
 * Early networks of communicating computers included the military radar system Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE), started in the late 1950s.
 * The commercial airline reservation system semi-automatic business research environment (SABRE) went online with two connected mainframes in 1960.
 * In 1964, researchers at Dartmouth developed the Dartmouth Time Sharing System for distributed users of large computer systems. The same year, at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a research group supported by General Electric and Bell Labs used a computer to route and manage telephone connections.
 * Throughout the 1960s Leonard Kleinrock, Paul Baran and Donald Davies independently conceptualized and developed network systems which used packets that could be used in a network between computer systems.
 * 1965 Thomas Merrill and Lawrence Roberts created the first wide area network (WAN).
 * The first widely used telephone switch that used true computer control was introduced by Western Electric in 1965.
 * In 1969 the University of California at Los Angeles, the Standford Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah were connected as the beginning of the ARPANET network using 50 kbit/s circuits
 * Commercial services using [|X.25] were deployed in 1972, and later used as an underlying infrastructure for expanding [|TCP/IP] networks.
 * Back in 1988, most successful private companies switched to paperless with the use of networking. Managers made a push to be paperless to increase the efficiency of their business (Gardner 85).


 * Whirlwind **

In April of 1950, Interactivity was born.The Whirlwind, the first interactive computer that worked in real-time, was unveiled at MIT in April. Real-time interactivity literally means the computer responds to your commands so fast, you don't see the lag between the time of input of command and the time of receiving output. Before the Whirlwind, computers worked in batch mode.i.e.you keyed in instructions, went out for coffee, and got back to find the results printed out. Jay Forrester and his team at MIT’s Lincoln Labs decided to use core memory (where magnetic ceramic rings are employed) as storage; this made the computer faster. It was also the first time video was used as an output device, in the form of a giant oscilloscope screen. [Later versions were used as a backbone of SAGE, the air defence system of the US Air Force and also the first computer network. In 1956, a keyboard was integrated into the system.]

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